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Tampilkan postingan dengan label English. Tampilkan semua postingan
Tampilkan postingan dengan label English. Tampilkan semua postingan

Rabu, 31 Maret 2010

Slang Words

airhead: stupid person.

ace: excellent, great.

Adam and Eve - Rhyming Slang for 'believe'

aggro - short for aggravation or violence

amber fluid : beer


anorak - geek, nerd.

apples and pears - Rhyming Slang for 'stairs'.

armpit: dirty, unappealing place.

arse / ass [slightly offensive] (1): backside.

arse / ass (2): an unworthy person.

arse about/arsing about - to fool around

arse-about-face: something that is in a mess or crooked

arseholed: very drunk

arvo : afternoon

Aussie : Australian

awesome: great and impressive.

backhander (1): a payment given, normally in a secretive fashion.

backhander (2): hit someone.

ball (1): a fun time.

ball [slightly offensive] (2): a testicle.

ballistic - to go mad with rage

bang [slightly offensive](1): to make love

bang (2): a powerful effect.

banged up - to be put in prison.

bangers - another name for sausages.

barbie : barbecue, grill.

barf (1): vomit.

barmy - a foolish person, mad.

barney - row, violent argument.

beans: money.

beast [offensive] - an ugly woman.

beat: tired.

beemer: a BMW.

bent (1): a 'gay man'

bent (2): 'stolen'.

biggie: something important.

biker: a motorcycle rider.

bikkie : biscuit

bimbo - a young woman considered sexually attractive but of limited intelligence.

bird -  woman/girl/girlfriend

bitch [offensive] (1): a very unpleasant woman.

bitch [offensive] (2): complain.

bitchy [slightly offensive]: moody.

bitzer : mongrel dog (bits of this and bits of that!).

bladdered - very drunk

blag -  a robbery

bloke - man

blotto -  'very drunk'

blue (1) - XXX; dirty, hot, steamy, pornographic

blue (2): domestic fight or row.

bluey - pornographic film

boat race - Rhyming Slang for 'face'.

bod: body.

bonkers; go bonkers: crazy.

bonzer : great.

booboo: a mistake.

bovver - trouble, usually fighting.

booze: alcohol.

boozer (1): a pub

boozer (2): someone who likes alcohol.

Brahms and Liszt - Rhyming Slang for 'pissed' (drunk).

brass monkeys - cold weather

bread: money.

brew (1): tea or coffee.

brew (2): beer.

brill - short for 'brilliant'.

bull: bullshit; lie.

bullshit [offensive]: lie; dishonesty.

bugger - a mild form of abuse or an exclamation.

bunk-off - to be absent without permission

bunk-up - to make love.

bushed: extremely tired.

butt: the buttocks, bottom.

cabbage -  someone who is a bit slow or stupid

cakehole - mouth..

catch some rays: get some sunshine.

char / cha - tea.

cheesy: cheap; lacking in good taste.

chicken: coward.

chook : a chicken

chuck up: vomit

chuck a sickie : take the day off sick from work when you're perfectly healthy.

ciggy - slang for cigarette.

cock and bull story - a rubbish story, nonsense.

(to) cop it - to die, to get into trouble.

cool: excellent; superb.

cooler, the: gaol; jail; prison

couch potato: a person who watches too much television.

cozzie : swimming costume

cranky : in a bad mood, angry.

crap [slightly offensive] (1): something worthless.

crap [offensive] (2): excrement.

crap [slightly offensive] (3): falsehoods and lies.

crikey - an expression of astonishment.

crust - money / wage.

cushy - easy.

dead cert - something that is definite.

deck: to hit someone.

dicey: unpredictable; risky.

dickhead [slightly offensive] - an idiot, fool.

dill : an idiot.

ding-dong - argument or fight.

dipstick - idiot, fool.

dirt: extremely bad person.

dirty: offensive; pornographic.

div/divvy - stupid or slow person.

doodle - something thats easy / no problem.

dodgy - dubious person or thing.

dog [offensive] - an ugly girl.

done over - beaten up

dope - a slow or stupid person.

doobry - a nonsensical word used when you forget the name of something

dorky: strange; peculiar.

dosh - money.

dosser - down-and-out, tramp.

down under : Australia and New Zealand.

Drongo : a dope, stupid person.

dude: a male.

dump [slightly offensive] - to defecate.

dyke [offensive] - lesbian.

dynamite: powerful; excellent.

dinosaur: something out of date or old fashioned.

earbashing : nagging, non-stop chatter.

evil: great; excellent.

eyeball: to stare long and hard at someone or something.

eyepopper: something or someone visibly astounding.

fab: fabulous.

face-off: confrontation.

fag [offensive] (1): homosexual

fag (2): cigarette

family jewels - Rhyming Slang for testicles.

far out - splendid.

fart [offensive] (1): an escape of gas from the bowels.

fart [slightly offensive] (2): an unpleasant person

fat head - an idiot or dull person.

fender-bender: small accident.

filth [offensive] - the police.

fit - sexually attractive.

five finger discount - shoplifting.

flaky: unpredictable.

flashback: sudden memory.

flick (1): film; movie.

flick (2): to give something or somebody the flick is to get rid of it or him/her

floating : intoxicated

floozie - a mistress or girlfriend.

flommox - confuse

flutter - a bet (on horse racing or football)

footie - Abbreviated form for football.

for crying out loud ! - a expression of frustration or anger.

forty winks - a short sleep or nap.

fox: attractive, alluring person.

freebie: something that does not cost money.

French kiss : kissing with the tongue.

full monty - 'the whole lot', everything.

full-on - powerful, with maximum effort.

funny farm - mental hospital or institution.

funny money - counterfeit money.

gaff - house or flat.

gander - to look at.

geek: an unattractive person who works too hard.

get it: to understand something.

glitch: flaw.

gobshite [offensive] - someone who talks rubbish all the time.

go bananas: go slightly mad.

good onya : good for you, well done

goof (1): make a mistake.

goof (2): a silly and foolish person.

goof off: waste time.

goof up: make a mistake.

goofy: silly.

Gordon Bennet - an exclamation.

grand: one thousand dollars.

grass: marijuana.

greaser - slang name for a 1950's style man.

grog : alcohol, beer.

grub: food.

grubby: not clean.

grungy: unclean and stinky.

gut: a person's stomach; belly.

guts: courage.

gyno - gynaecologist

hacked off - fed up, annoyed.

hairy: difficult; dangerous.

ham-fisted - clumsy.

hammered - drunk.

handcuffs: an engagement ring or wedding ring

hang a left: make a left turn.

hang a right: make a right turn.

headcase - mad

hep: sensible; informed.

her ('er) indoors - wife, girlfriend.

hickey: a love bite on the skin.

hip: sensible; informed.

hole in the wall -  a cashpoint machine or bankomat.

hoo-ha - trouble; commotion.

hooker: prostitute.

horny:  in the mood for sex, sexually stimulated;.

hot (1):  sexy.

hot (2):popular.

hottie : hot water bottle

huff - bad mood.

humungous: really big.

hump (1) - to have sex.

hump (2) - bad mood.

hyper: overly excited.

icky: unpleasant.

I.D.: identification.

iffy - dubious, doubtful.

I'm outta here: I'm leaving; I'm departing.

in: fashionable.

ivories: teeth.

jack around: waste time.

jam (1): trouble.

jam (2): improvise (musically).

jamming, to be : going well.

jammy - lucky.

jerk: stupid or annoying person.

jock: someone good at sports.

K : a thousand.

keep your hair on - "keep calm".

kick back: relax and enjoy.

kick the bucket: die.

kip - sleep.

knackered - exhausted.

knees up - party.

knock: condemn, criticise.

knockout: beautiful woman; handsome man.

knock back : refusal (noun), refuse (transitive verb)

kook: peculiar person.

kraut [slightly offensive] -  German

laid back: relaxed; calm.

lairy - loud, brash.

lame: incompetent.

legless - very drunk.

limp wristed - a  gay man.

lip: cheeky talk.

loaded - someone with a lot of money.

loo : toilet

loser: a bungling and worthless person.

lost the plot - crazy/mad.

love handles: excess fat around the waist.

luvverly jubberly - wonderful, great, all is well.

make waves: cause problems.

malarkey - nonsense.

mate - friend

max, to the : maximum.

mega: big.

megabucks: a large amount of money.

mellow: relaxed.

mickey-mouse: unimportant; time-wasting.

minger [offensive] - an unattractive person (usually female).

mongrel : despicable person

moonie [offensive!] - to show one's bottom (arse) to unsuspecting onlookers.

moose [offensive] -  an ugly girl.

mozzie : mosquito

mug : a gullible person.

naff - something which is cheap and nasty.

naff off - a milder version off fu*k off.

nancy (nancy boy) - a homosexual.

nark - a police informer.

narked - to be annoyed.

neat: cool; great.

nick - to steal.

nipper - a small child.

no-hoper - somebody who'll never do well

nosh - food.

not cricket - not normal or correct.

not all there - someone who is stupid, not bright intellectually

not half! - cetainly, for sure.

not the full quid - someone who is stupid, not bright intellectually.

nuke (1): nuclear weapon.

nuke (2): destroy; delete.

nuke (3): cook something in the microwave oven.

nut (1): odd or crazy person.

nut (2): someone passionate about something.

nutter - crazy person.

nuts [slightly offensive]: testicles.

nutty - eccentric.

off your face - to be very drunk.

out of your tree - crazy, drunk or stoned.

pad: someone's home.

pants (1) -  an exclamation of frustration.

pants (2) -  bad or rubbish.

party: celebrate.

party animal: someone that loves parties.

paws: hands.

peanuts: very little money.

pee: to urinate.

pickled: drunk.

pig out: eat too much.

pigs ear: to make a mistake with something.

piss [slightly offensive] - to urinate.

pissed - drunk.

pissed (off): angry; upset.

piss-head - a habitual drinker or alcoholic.

piss-up - a big drinking session.

plank - an idiot.

plastered: drunk.

plonker - an idiot

pad: someone's home.

plonk (1) : cheap wine

plonk (2): sit down - as in "plonk your arse down there".

poop [offensive]: defecation; shit.

poop out: get tired and quit.

postie : postman

pot: marijuana.

prezzy : present, gift

pro - someone who's good at something; professional.

psycho: crazy person.

puke: vomit.

pumped (up): excited.

queer [slightly offensive] - a homosexual.

rabbit - talk.

racket (1): noise.

racket (2): an occupation.

racket (3): something that's dishonest or deceptive.

rat: a despicable person.

rat-arsed - drunk.

rear (end): buttocks.

(a) riot - something or someone very funny.

rip off (1): stealing.

rip off (2): fraud.

ripper : great, fantastic

rocking: great; excellent.

roll up - a hand rolled cigarette.

rosie lee - tea

rubbish: nonsense; not true.

ruck - a fight.

rug - wig, toupee.

rug rat: a child.

rum - odd, strange.

runs, the: diarrhoea.

scoff: to eat.

screw up: to make a mistake.

screw-up: a person who makes a mistake.

scum (offensive] - a despicable individual.

shades - sunglasses.

shag [slightly offensive] - to make love.

shagged-out - to feel tired.

shed-load - a huge amount.

shite - milder variation of the word shit.

shitfaced [slightly offensive] - very drunk.

shithead [slightly offensive]: a stupid, impolite person.

skint - to have no money

skosh - a little bit.

slapper [offensive] - a loose or easy woman.

smeghead - an idiot.

snog - to kiss

snookered: cheated, stuck.

solid (1): really good; cool.

solid (2): consecutive.

specs: eyeglasses.

split: to leave.

spunk [offensive] (1): semen

spunk (2): spirit.

spunk (3): an attractive man.

stoned: drunk from drugs or alcohol.

stunner - a very good looking woman.

street smart: knowledgeable about city life.

strewth : exclamation

 (I'll be) stuffed : expression of surprise

suck: to be bad and unacceptable.

sunnies : sunglasses

swagman : tramp

sweet - excellent, cool.

ta - thanks.

tacky - something of poor taste or style.

tanked (up) - to get very drunk.

tea leaf - Rhyming Slang for thief.

telly - television.

thick as shit [offensive]- very stupid.

thick as two short planks [offensive] - very stupid.

thingo : Wadjamacallit, thingummy, whatsit, something you don't know the name of!

thou: thousand.

threads: clothing.

ticker (1): the heart.

ticker (2): a watch.

tiddly - slightly drunk.

toss-pot [slightly offensive] - idiot.

totally: really; completely.

to the max: maximum.

troll -  an ugly girl.

(the) trots - diarrhoea.

trouble and strife - Rhyming Slang for 'wife'.

trout [offensive] - unattractive woman

turkey (1): failure; flop.

turkey (2): dumb person.

turn-off: something that repulses a person.

umpteen: many; countless.

up for it - to be willing to have a good time.

up the duff - to be pregnant.

Uncle Tom Cobley and all - a phrase meaning 'everyone'.

uptight: nervous; anxious.

veg out : relax in front of the TV (like a vegetable)

wad: a lot of money.

wanker - an idiot or an unpleasant person.

wasted: killed.

weed (1): marijuana.

weed (2): someone who is weak.

wheels: car; motorcycle.

whiz: someone who shows a special talent for something.

wicked - excellent, cool.

wimp: weak; feeble.

wimpy: weak.

wind up - to tease.

winks: sleep.

wuss : coward

x-rated - pornographic.

yabber : talk (a lot)

Yank: an American.

yob - a horrible or uncouth young man.

zeds - sleep.

zero - an unimportant person.

zilch - nothing

zip (1) -nothing.

zip (2) - energy; vigor.

zip it - shut up.

zit: pimple; acne.


Selengkapnya.....

Minggu, 28 Maret 2010

Words Indicating

Words Indicating:


Addition

Sequence

Consequence

Contrast

in addition
and
similarly
likewise
as well as
besides
further more
also
moreover
and then
too
not only ... but even besides this/that

first(ly)
initially
second(ly) etc
to begin with
then
next
earlier/later
after this/that
following this/that
afterwards

as a result
thus
so
therefore
consequently
it follows that
thereby
eventually
then in
that case
admittedly

However
on the other hand despite
in spite of
though
although
but
on the contrary
otherwise
yet
instead of
rather
whereas
none
theless
even though
compared with
in contrast
alternatively

Certainty

Condition

Definition

Summary

Obviously
certainly
plainly
of course
undoubtedly

If
Unless
whether
provided that for
so that
whether
depending on

is refers to
means
that is
consists of

in conclusion
in summary
lastly
finally
to sum up
to conclude
to recapitulate
in short

Example

Reason

Time

 

for instance
one example
for example
just as
in particular
such as
namely
to illustrate

 

since
as
so
because (of)
due to
owing to
the reason why
in other words
leads
to cause

before
since
as
until
meanwhile
at the moment
when
whenever
as soon as
 just as

 

Selengkapnya.....

English Spelling

English spelling reform is the collective term for various campaigns and efforts to change the speling of the English language to make it simpler and more rationally consistent. There exists a small-scale movement among amateur and professional linguists, but one with a long history and some mixed successes.


Supporters assert that the many inconsistencies and irregularities of English spelling lead to severe difficulties for learners. They believe this leads to a lower level of literacy among English speakers compared with speakers of languages having a spelling system that more faithfully conforms to how the language is spoken, and have, since at least the time of George Bernard Shaw, pointed out costs to business and other users in retaining traditional spelling, which can be worked out by the casual observer as cumulatively massive.

English does in fact have a very poor phonemic orthography, or correspondence between how the words are written and how they are spoken. This is due in part to changes in commonly accepted dialects of English from older pronunciations.

There is opposition to spelling reform from traditionalists who feel that something is to be lost from simplifying the spelling of English — this can range from numinous 'old world' sensibilities to feared concrete financial losses by opposing vested interests (notably printers, and purveyors of rival solutions or palliative measures such as shorthand remedial literacy and synthetic phonics).



  • Spelling strategies (American) ◄

  • Spelling rules/exercises


    • They're - there - their

    • Silent "e" and suffixes


  • Common misspelled words

  • Essay exam terms/directives

  • Transitional words & phrases

  • Modifiers & commas

  • Seven stages of writing assignments

  • Writing guides general index


English spelling rules are complex, with many exceptions. 

If you find spelling to be a particular challenge, here are strategies to follow:


As a foundation:



  • Practice your spelling

  • Keep a "spelling notebook" and list words you commonly misspell or have trouble with

  • Keep a list of commonly misspelled English words, or words that may be spelled correctly, but misused (e.g. who's * whose)

  • Keep a list of rules for spelling 

    This book can also help you build your vocabulary


As regards important documents you send, or turn in to others:



  • Spell check the document if it is electronic

    Note:  Some e-mail software (i.e. MS Outlook) can be set to automatically check spelling and grammar before you can send

  • Re-read the printed document carefully for errors:  

    Pay attention to words you commonly misspell or that are spelled correctly but misused

    Note these words in your spelling notebook

  • Have someone you trust and respect review the document. 

    This is often difficult for us since often we get comments regarding text as well as spelling.  But that is a plus, since we don't have to change the text, but rather appreciate the suggestions and go on...

  • If you have a Center for Writing Assistance, 

    take advantage of it


Using Dictionaries: a dictionary contains more than the spelling of a word!

It also contains the spelling of its derivatives: plural forms and participles.  On line resources include

Dictionary.com

Dictionary, thesaurus, and access to foreign dictionaries

Dictionary.net

A straightforward presentation of definitions and synonyms from a variety of resources

Merriam-Webster OnLine

Dictionary, thesaurus, look up feature for bad spellers, word of the day, word games, and access to vocabulary in 230 languages

Since English is so exceptional in its spellings, any dictionary assists you in finding exceptions to the rules of spelling.  Alternative spellings, especially British vs. American, should also be noted.

Spell checkers in word processing:



  • Spell check each and every word-processed document as a habit

  • Proof-read each document after spell-checking!

    A spell checker will only find words incorrectly spelled. It will not find words correctly spelled but misused.


Common challenges:

from and form: a common typing inversion;

of, or: another case ofmistaken keyboarding;

to, too, two; there, their; whether, weather: common confusion of usage;

foreign, physical:  When is an "f" really a "ph"?


Remembering a "spelling":



  • Check a dictionary

    for the correct pronunciation of the word. This will help you remember how to spell the word

  • Check for the meaning and history of the word.

    This provides additional information

  • Practice spelling the word to yourself before you close the dictionary. Write it down or visualize it in your mind's eye.

    Check the spelling in the dictionary again to ensure that you have learned to spell the word correctly;

  • Learn basic spelling rules (see below)


Adapted from "Steps to Becoming a Good Speller" in Basic English Revisited by Patrick Sebranek and Verne


Selengkapnya.....

Selasa, 23 Maret 2010

Collective Noun

1. One of the craziest oddities of the English language is that there are so many different collective nouns that all mean "group" but which are specific to what particular thing there is a group of: a herd of elephants, a crowd of people, a box of crayons, a pad of paper, etc. There is great diversity of collective nouns associated with animals, from a sleuth of bears to a murder of crows. The following is a list of the correct terms to describe groups of various types of animals.


2. In linguistics, a collective noun is a word used to define a group of objects, where "objects" can be people, animals, inanimate things, concepts, or other things. For example, in the phrase "a pride of lions," pride is a collective noun.


Most collective nouns encountered in everyday speech, such as "group," are mundane and are not specific to one kind of constituent object. For example, the terms "group of people," "group of dogs," and "group of ideas" are all correct uses. Others, especially words belonging to the large subset of collective nouns known as terms of venery (words for groups of animals), are specific to one kind of constituent object. For example, "pride" as a term of venery refers to lions— but not to dogs or llamas. (Terms of venery are further discussed below.)

Collective nouns should not be confused with mass nouns, or with the collective grammatical number.


3. A collective noun is a noun that denotes a collection of persons or things regarded as a unit.


Usage Note: In American usage, a collective noun takes a singular verb when it refers to the collection considered as a whole, as in:



  • The family was united on this question.

  • The enemy is suing for peace.


It takes a plural verb when it refers to the members of the group considered as individuals, as in:



  • My family are always fighting among themselves.

  • The enemy were showing up in groups of three or four to turn in their weapons.

  • In British usage, however, collective nouns are more often treated as plurals:

  • The government have not announced a new policy.

  • The team are playing in the test matches next week.


A collective noun should not be treated as both singular and plural in the same construction; thus:



  • The family is determined to press its (not their) claim.


Among the common collective nouns are:



  • committee

  • clergy

  • company

  • enemy

  • group

  • family

  • flock

  • public

  • team


4. A collective noun, or group noun, is a noun which designates a group of people or animals. Crew, committee, gang, government, audience, family, and herd are all collective nouns.


When such a group is considered as a single unit, its collective noun is used with a singular verb and singular pronouns: The committee has reached its decision. But when the focus is on the individual members of the group, British English tends to use a plural verb and plural pronouns with its collective nouns: The committee have been arguing all morning over what they should do. American English usually uses a singular verb and pronouns in these circumstances.


A determiner in front of a singular collective noun is always singular: this committee, never these committee (but of course when the collective noun is pluralized, it takes a plural determiner: these committees).

Selengkapnya.....

 
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